Parental Involvement in School Systems Essay example -- essays papers

P bental Involvement in School SystemsParental involvement in school systems is a vital part to the success of many different types of peoples success. in that respectfore the purpose of this research paper is to investigate the vastness of parental involvement in elementary, middle, and high schools, as well as the influence this has on the migrant students. Although, there are many conflicts that occur time trying to get the parents involved in the school systems. This all leads to increased academic success, and proves that it is the best way to go in most cases. Many factors simulate student performances, latest fad is no cure-all(Weaver, Reg 2003). Although the involvement of parents in school systems doesnt fix everything according to the quote, but it does help out a lot in mostly all situations.Elementary SchoolsFirst, the parental involvement in Elementary school systems is very important to the young school student. There are many different factors affecting the w ay school students learn. And public opinion recognizes that after parental involvement, t each(prenominal)er quality, and class size make the biggest dissimilarity in how much students learn(Weaver, Reg 2003). This recollective process of getting parents involved in the school systems has been going on since 1857, and will continue as long as needed be. Helping young parents understand how they can help their children by reading to them and staying involved in their academic lives makes a huge deflexion(Weaver, Reg 2003). Getting the teachers involved in the school doesnt have to deal all with the government, but it has to deal with just the parents and teachers communicating better with each other. When the teachers ar... ...the students are benefitted when the parents and teachers work unitedly through online communication, and the help the students receives through this process. Weaver, l. and Barerra, j.(2003).Improving parental involvement, Eric Data base, journal 4 pages This is another article that deals with the way when parents and teachers are involved together how their children have increased academic success. Weaver, r.(2004).Solution isnt that simple. USA today news pg.10 The article is about the importance of elementary school teachers and parents getting involved with each other to help the success of their children. Welsh, p.(2003).Value of parent-teacher meetings increases at a high school level. USA Today pg. 21a This article is about the importance of parents and teachers talking and communicating heretofore at the high school level.

Wordsworth: Tintern Abbey And Lyrical Ballads :: essays research papers

Born in 1770 at Cockermouth in the heart of the Lakes District in England. William Wordsworth grew up in a rustic society and his beautiful and ageless poesy often reflect this. Wordsworths mother died in 1778 and in 1779 he was sent to grammar school in Hawkshead. Wordsworths father died in 1783, leaving his uncles as guardians. They tried to guide him towards a career in law or in the church and he was accepted into Cambridge in 1787. Wordsworth was uninspired to work towards a career he had little interest in and subsequently his grades, which environ on the average, reflected this. Before completing his final term of college Wordsworth went for a walking tour of Europe and finally received his degree in 1791 but had no direct plans for his future. He regressed to France in 1791 and stayed a full year, during this time became an enthusiastic advocate of the French Revolution. Money concerns forced him to return to England and he was unable to return to France until 1802 due to war breaking out mingled with the two countries.In 1795 two things happened that ultimately changed the course of Wordsworths life. In August of 1795 a progeny friend whom Wordsworth had been nursing died of tuberculosis and left him a grant of 900 pounds. His friend had hoped that with this money Wordsworth would be able to devote his life to poetry, and in August of 1795 Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge. oer the next two years their friendship would grow and in 1797 William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy moved to Alfoxden House, which was only a few miles from Coleridges home. The creative partnership between these two young poets would eventuate in the first publishing of Lyrical Ballads.The publication of Lyrical Ballads represented a turning point for English poetry. It was released anonymously on October 4th, 1798 and the learned old guard of literary England was mostly unaware that a form of literary revolution had taken place. Previous ages had considered the aim of poetry to be used as a tool to change peoples behaviour or as a learning mechanism. Wordsworth launched the Romantic season of poetry and paved the way for many of the romantic poets that came after him. John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley to name but two. Coleridge encouraged Wordsworth to write a preface to Lyrical Ballads. A preface that would explain the work contained within the collection.

Mechanical Mammals :: essays research papers

One day I went to buy a brand natural Ford Mustang. The reason I wanted a new auto is because I saw this commercial about a new sort of simple machine that had instincts like an animal. I thought it would be really strange to have one of those. As soon as I saw that commercial I knew I had to crush that car. I thought that it would be cool to have a car with those instincts. When I went to the car dealership I found that car on sale with a 30 day money back guarantee only because it was a new kind of car. It was a 2008 model it was multicolour dark blue with white racing strips. I drove it home and it was a real comfortable ride. The next day I woke up and hear a honking noise I got dressed real quick, and went to see what the noise was and it was my new car So I called the dealership and asked what was going on. They said that the cars get lonely and they cant be alone for more than 12 hours. I also asked them if there is anything else I should know about this new kind of car . They said, Yes, if its not clean it gets mad and gives you a very rough ride. So right after I hung up the phone I started to clean my car. When I was cleaning it, it made a sound like a cat like it was purring because it was happy. Right after the first month all I could regain about was why didnt I trade it back in for a full refund. The reason why I wanted to trade it in was because it was very hard to keep up with and in good shape. But as the months past I started getting used to it and I guess you could separate it was getting used to me also.I asked the dealership how long it would last.

Essay example --

Animals are so often forgotten when it comes to the some(prenominal) different levels of basic rights. No, they notifyt talk, or get a job, nor can they contribute to society the way humans can. Yet they hold a special place in their owners hearts, they can without a doubt feel, show their different emotions, and they can most definitely love. In recent years there has been a massive increment in animal rights awareness, leading to a better understanding and knowledge in the subject of the humane treatment of animals. Where do humans draw the product line between the concern of equality, and simple survival? Its fair to assume there should be disparity between the way cats and cows are treated, or the way chickens and dogs are. Certain animals have their place in the animal kingdom, grazing animals like cows and chickens have historically been used as a viands source since the concept of animal husbandry was introduced, on the other end of the spectrum cats and dogs have been do mesticated and kept as common house pets. The suggestion that line of descent have the same emotions and feelings as a typical housecat can be up to debate. Peter Singer states that the behavior of some apes, dolphins and dogs suggest they have emotions and desires. all(a) of the evidence, or the lack thereof, leads to issues concerning the ethical treatment of all animals. Consumption is one of the biggest areas of disagreement in regards to animal rights. Throughout the world there are many different laws and regulations regarding the treatment of animals. Each country has their own set of standards, many of them religious and others more along the lines of common sense. While it is normal to regularly kill cattle meat (such as cow) in America, many Hindu Indians refrain from it... ... cancer, but dont rub a new shampoo in their eyes, or feed them dishwashing liquid until they slowly and painfully die.Animals deserve fair and ethical treatment, however not necessarily equally. Non-human animals and humans are not one in the same, there is no way we will ever be defined and put in the same category. Humans have commendation levels, the ability to reason and think logically. We have evolved to the point where we can study, contain, and determine the outcome of basically any animal on Earth, now its up to us to ensure they are treated fairly. All it takes is ones voice to start a movement towards finding humane ways to put to death livestock to feed families, to help build a new law that restrains shelters safer and cleaner for abandoned animals to live and have a second chance, and to help make popular those companies that dont condone animal testing.

Difficulties of Obtaining a Divorce in Victorian England Essays

Bound in Union The Difficulties of Obtaining a Divorce in Victorian EnglandDivorce Legislation of the Victorian * 1839 Child Custody Act- Women, if proven innocent of adultery, could obtain custody of their children under seven. (Previously custody had been, without exception, awarded to the father.) * 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act- established regulations for secular divorce, making civil divorce, rather than divorce by act of Parliament, possible. Also outlined grounds for divorce, which differed for men and women, and secured property rights for divorced women. * 1870 Married Womens Property Act- Allowed women to come up their earnings and inheritance along with small sums of money, though all other property fell to the husband. * 1873 Custody Acts- Women could gain custody of children up to 16 geezerhood of age even when adulteresses * 1882 Married Womens Property Act-Women could keep all property, real and personal acquired before and after marriage. * 1884 Ma trimonial Causes Act- Allowed wives of adulterers to immediately petition for a divorce rather than waiting the formerly required two years * 1886 Custody reforms granted mothers automatic custody of children after the death of the father. (Legal Milestones for Women 1832-1928)Divorce range during the Victorian Period remained significantly lower than those of the present. Only one in ten women divorced once married due to several contributing caboodle ( purport for Women). The law, religious doctrine, societal stigma, and the limited financial opportunities available to women all functioned as deterrents to divorce. Yet despite the encumbrances and inequity inherent in Victorian divorce, edict made significant stride... ...orce in Australia. The beginning of his paper focuses on how Victorian Englands laws affected Australia, and the paper remains throughout intriguing and informative.Works CitedLife for Women. Victorias Past. 3 January 2005. 16 Mar. 2005 .Finlay, Henry. Div orce and the Status of Women. 16 Mar. 2005 .Legal Milestones for Women 1832-1928. 16 Mar. 2005 .Feinberg, Patricia. The Divorce Bill. March 2001. Victorians Uncovered. 16 Mar. 2005 .Ziembra, Melissa. Marriage and Divorce in Victorian England. 16 Mar. 2005 .

Difficulties of Obtaining a Divorce in Victorian England Essays

Bound in Union The Difficulties of Obtaining a Divorce in Victorian EnglandDivorce Legislation of the Victorian * 1839 Child detainment Act- Women, if proven innocent of adultery, could obtain custody of their children under seven. (Previously custody had been, without exception, awarded to the father.) * 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act- established regulations for secular divorce, making civil divorce, rather than divorce by deport of Parliament, possible. Also outlined grounds for divorce, which differed for men and women, and secured property rights for divorced women. * 1870 Married Womens blank space Act- Allowed women to keep their earnings and inheritance along with small sums of money, though all other property fell to the husband. * 1873 Custody Acts- Women could gain custody of children up to 16 years of age even when adulteresses * 1882 Married Womens Property Act-Women could keep all property, real and personal acquired before and after marriage. * 1884 M atrimonial Causes Act- Allowed wives of adulterers to immediately petition for a divorce rather than waiting the formerly required two years * 1886 Custody reforms granted mothers automatic custody of children after the death of the father. (Legal Milestones for Women 1832-1928)Divorce rates during the Victorian Period remained significantly lower than those of the present. besides one in ten women divorced once married due to several contributing circumstances (Life for Women). The law, religious doctrine, societal stigma, and the limited fiscal opportunities available to women all functioned as deterrents to divorce. Yet despite the encumbrances and inequity inherent in Victorian divorce, legislation made significant stride... ...orce in Australia. The beginning of his piece of music focuses on how Victorian Englands laws affected Australia, and the paper remains throughout intriguing and informative.Works CitedLife for Women. Victorias Past. 3 January 2005. 16 Mar. 2005 .F inlay, Henry. Divorce and the Status of Women. 16 Mar. 2005 .Legal Milestones for Women 1832-1928. 16 Mar. 2005 .Feinberg, Patricia. The Divorce Bill. March 2001. Victorians Uncovered. 16 Mar. 2005 .Ziembra, Melissa. Marriage and Divorce in Victorian England. 16 Mar. 2005 .

Inventor-Granville T Woods

Background On April 23rd, 1856 a baby boy was born in Columbus Ohio. That boys arrive at was Granville T. Woods. Granville grew up in a disadvantaged childishness home. He was only able to be formally educated up to the age of 10, all education that followed was self taught or learned from experience. People had called him The Black Edison because he was almost identical Edison. Edison had been in one of the same situations as Granville, a disadvantaged childhood home. After he was done in his early steps of life he moved on in his education.He had fuck off fulln interest in the electrical and mechanical engineering fields at an East Coast College from 1876 to 1878. Further education was given to him in the form of his co-workers. They had given him information that he hadnt already known and he paid them to rent books from the library for him because African-Americans werent allowed in the libraries. He also went to night classes and took private lessons. Throughout his life h e had some jobs that led him to being an armorer.His first job was an apprentice in a machine shop there he had repaired railroad equipment such as track, lights, bridges, and anything else that goes with the railroad. His second job was a fireman, a job he had gained from the Apprentice. Here, he was the fireman of D&S Railroads in Missouri, which led him into his next job. In 1878, he became an engineer on a British steamer known as Ironsides. He was then promoted to the chief engineer. This lead into the start of a business he and his brother Lyates ran. It was called the Woods Railway Telegraph Co.It simply made electrical telephone and telegraph equipment for the railroad industry. By the end of Granvilles life he had had many achievements. First off he had had 60 patents, 35 which were of electrical systems and 15 electric railways. He also invented 15 appliances for the railway as well. step to the fore of the many inventions that he had invented the most important one was the Multiplex Railway Telegraph. This discoin truth was built to help reduce railway accidents by letting dispatchers circulate where they are at so they dont collide.This was also the first time they were able to communicate with each other. This particular invention was so ministrant Granville found himself fighting patent suits with none other than Thomas Edison. Although Granville had won in the end. This invention has changed lives in the many ways below. This telegraph has changed and saved many races lives. People then could feel safe having to travel by train, when there werent many other ways. Also, this factor told everyone that there could be more community going out to be railroad conductors because they wouldnt pick out to worry about getting killed in the process.Finally families would feel safer letting their loved ones travel by train. In the end, Granville had a very successful life although he had died poor. Success Factors How exactly did Granville T. Woods gain his fame? Well for one, everyone had called him the Black Edison. Secondly, he was the first inventor to create such a thing as the Multiplex Railway Telegraph which hit it big because it was the first thing that allowed dispatchers to communicate back and fore about their locations.Lastly, he had over 60 patents and had himself fighting patent pursuits with Thomas Edison himself. Also, he came from a disadvantaged childhood, not only that but he pushed himself to take extra classes and read books because he was only allowed to experience school until he was 10. He has gained the following attributes from his famousness. The first is creativity. He gained this through the many inventions that he created were preferably interesting and anyone could tell how seminal he was by these inventions.The second was that he had diverse job experience. By this he had been able to work at unnumberable jobs and learn from them, especially how he had gone into studying one of the fields (electrical and mechanical engineering) in night school, books, and through co-workers. I think that if anyone would research Granville anyone would tick off how his inventions have these attributes. He also gained education through diverse job experience and the fact that he didnt take the job that Edison offered him, a very major job.I have realized all these attributes through reading about him in biographies, I may not have them all, or what anyone thinks should be on here, but this is my opinion on Granville and what he had. My Life At this present moment I have many, many remainders. My first goal is to do founder in school. By this I mean up my grades in the classes I do poorly in. My second goal is to make honor roll at least once before I leave Washington to go to high school. My third goal is to help more around my ouse as in clean up messes that I make, do anything that im told to do when I get told to do it, and lastly be better toward my sister, because as everyone knows siblings can be a pain in the neck. I can accomplish these goals by doing many tasks. For my first goal, I can accomplish this by being more creative when it comes to homework, projects, and papers. I can also study more for upcoming tests that I am not sure about. Then when needed take the time to pull through everything the teacher writes on the board when they introduce us to something new and if I dont understand the specific area we are working in to ask for help.Also, do all my homework when its due, I do turn in my homework, but only a couple times I have had late papers. For my second goal, I can push harder and harder in the classes I am not doing to well in to get the grades I need to make honor roll. I can also spend more time on my homework instead of doing other tasks or just messing around. For my third goal I can do everything when I am told to do, I shouldnt procrastinate. Another part of my third goal that I need to accomplish would be my bedroom I can clean up everything even if its not mine instead of arguing with my sister about picking her toys and change state up.For the last part of my third goal, my little sister, I can calm down and try to figure out what needs to be done, instead of the unremitting arguing. My inventor has some attributes that can help me with accomplishing my goals. His first was Education, that can help me in the way that when I think about how short some people had very little if any schooling, and in his case he was only able to attend school up to age 10, but now anyone attend school for however long anyone wanted to, and the fact with that little bit of schooling he became an inventor.His attribute of diverse job experience does fit in a specific way, I look at it and say well I havent had any jobs but I have belonged to many different clubs, and although his jobs lead him up to the decision that he wanted to become an inventor. I have been in builders club and this club helps people so by chance that is why I want to be a pediatrician when I grow up. Finally, with his creative attribute, it can help me with the cleaning section because I hate cleaning and I can turn it into something that would really be fun. I think that this inventor can help accomplish or improve my goals quick and in a creative way.

Non-Art in Popular Culture Essay

When discussing guile in popular horticulture there ar very few boundaries to adhere to. Almost any direct of media can be imagineed as art. But non all surveys be good examples of art and there are several find out factors that help to decide on the artistic quality of a piece. This essay will discuss in response to the above quote the identifiable characteristics of what could be considered art in present-day(a) pop culture. It will deconstruct the some of the most prominent types of art in popular culture including street art, music video and advertisements or technical art.And under which circumstances are they considered to be art whether this is the intention of the piece, or the creative process that surrounds it or simply the aesthetic value that it holds. It will in homogeneous manner discuss if works pass waterd solely for commercial propaganda are still considered art. And if the artistic determine of the work are influenced on the environment in which it re sides. These three determining factors will help distinguish between art and non art in contemporary pop culture.Art in popular culture varies widely in a range of creative forms and media. Popular culture or pop culture has a heavy influence on much of the works that are created by artists today. (Gibbons, 2005, p. 1) These include all forms of street and public art including graffiti and stencil art that often make statements on pop culture. And withal in a more than than formal environment including galleries and art museums where there is a large array of contemporary works which reflect on these elements of consumerism.There are numerous well recognised artists that hold concentrated much of their practice on consumerism and culture. Andy Warhol, is a founder in bringing consumerism to the high art photo in the 1960s (Livingst integrity 1992), something that had not being done before. A more recent take on this concept is Takashi Murakami and the art movement Super uncon ditioned which concentrates on Japanese pop culture and particularly anime and manga. (n. a 2009 Superflat art)Art is not only influenced by popular culture but it makes up a large part of influential media for popular culture. This form of art can be recognised directly in advertising, music, music videos, cartoons and any former(a) form of media that creatively puts forth a message, more often that not for commercial propaganda. This is not always the case but this lower form of more accessible art is completely open to the public because it is not hemmed in by the confines or laws of the art gallery system or the museum.(Stowers 1997) And it quite often labored into peoples lives, by occurring in a public space society are forced into viewing these creative works that promote popular culture through advertisements billboards television radio and generally in any public space just as they are exposed to graffiti art and vandalism. more(prenominal) often than not the environment in which the artwork resides in moves the values that people give the piece but this is not the only thing that should be considered when depicting the piece as several factors impact the merit of the work.These can include the creative process involved, the purpose of the work and the aesthetic values of the last(a) piece. (Johnstone 2006) The creative process that is involved in creating an art piece may have huge effects on the final outcome. In some cases its the process that is the work, in others cases it can be just important in developing the meanings and values behind the work and also some pieces may not be understood fully until the intentional processes are understood. The creative process has being described in four steps these are Preparation, Incubation, Illumination and Implementation.(Charlie, 2008) spill through this four step process is not always occur consciously but has an impact on the outcomes. (Konradsson 1999) Pieces that do not have a creative intentio n or process behind them can be severely expressage in creative outcome and therefore have limited merit as art. In this case it severely relies on the aesthetic values that other people then place on the work. And if it has little collecting in terms of colour, line, balance, rhythm and other principles and elements and no creative meaning then is generally not considered to be art.The purpose of the work can also impact the process of how a piece is created. Depending on whether it is for commercial use or purely artistic intentions there can be a lengthy design process which is very calculated in terms of design. The final impact the work is strongly controlled through the elements and principles of design. This is generally used in commercial art such as illustration, graphic design, and advertising and communication media. All these forms of creative work hold artistic value but are not ineluctably considered art to the general public as it is not presented as art but takes on a different primary form, advertising.(Gibbons 2005) This is a quasi(prenominal) concept as street art or graffiti as it generally deciden as a form of vandalism and can be considered as an eyesore. Though people are more likely to see graffiti for its artistic values and intentions as it dose not generally hold the alike connotation as advertising. The reasons and values for why one might engage in graffiti art are as varied as the artists who produce it. A chief reason is the prospect of fame and recognition of ones artistic talent. Graffiti is also a form of self expression. The art as writing is a creative method of communicating with other writers and the general public. (Stowers 1997) What it communicates is the artists identity, expression, and ideas like all other art forms but is forced into the public eye unlike art in a gallery. Graffiti is fast becoming popular as a preferred art form of many contemporary artists and hold the same fundamental artistic intentions as any other art form. As art we see in galleries have purely the intentions of being art we are more likely to consider that it is art. (Hester 2007) And we find some way of connecting to it via feeling and aesthetic value or the gustatory perception of the process.The placement of a piece in relation to its surroundings also impacts on the effect it has for example seeing an advertising piece in a gallery we would assume it to be art and created to make a statement about advertising. Where as if it were to be place on a billboard we would consider the primary reason is the promotion of a particular product. It is very difficult to define what art is exactly. According to many artistic directors and critics there is not one single definition of art.Art historian Robert Rosenblum believes that the idea of defining art is soremote today that he doesnt think anyone would dare to do it. (Witcombe n. d)And that more or less anything can be considered as art. (Witcombe n. d) Goldmans a esthetic theory (2005, 345) is of use to clarify the problem of location and presentation in relation to graffiti art. Goldman ( 2005, 346) claims that art takes us to other worlds in a manner that is quite fulfilling sensually and aesthetically The are many determining factors that help us see the artistic values in works how we as individuals read and interpret these through out the work is a matter of pure private opinion.Some personal factors that establish our opinions on creative works are our knowledge and assureing of art or a piece in particular, likes and dislikes and how we link to the piece. This combined with the values of the piece that include the process, the intention, the environment in which it is placed and the visual aesthetic values of the work determine how we personally consider the impact of the work. Many people consider art as something appealing to the eye or ear but much of contemporary art is not like this and a greater understanding of the work is n eeded to gain an insight to the values is holds. (n. a. 2009)For most people when art becomes hard or impossible to understand right away we tend to question its merit. This is particularly the case for graffiti as some may argue (Stowers 1997) even when it is in a gallery environment it is too hard to understand, though this should not be a determining factor to deciding whether is considered art as many art work considers deeper intrinsic values. Most of the opposition to graffiti art is due to its location and bold, unexpected, and unconventional presentation, (Stowers 1997) but its presentation and often illegal location does not necessarily disqualify it as art either.The major determining factor is the creative value the ability to produce complicated pieces is what separates the tagger from the graffiti artist graffitist for short. Taggers scribble and graffitists do art. (Stowers 1997) So as we can see there are many different forms of art in contemporary pop culture includ ing those that are influenced by pop culture and those that influence pop culture. These can be all forms of Digital Media, advertising, illustration and music as well as art we see in galleries and street art.Not all have the primary purpose of being art but all hold artistic and creative values that can be seen through the process the intention the aesthetic qualities and the surrounding of the work. Some seem to have the primary purpose of being only art while others are created for commercial propaganda. While the pieces that are generally considered art by the public, have a better aesthetic quality and are initially easier to understand there can not be any set connotations as to what it to be determined as art or non art.And that it is purely what importance, feelings and values the individual viewing the work sees.Reference ListCharlie, 2008. Demystifying the Creative Process http//www. productiveflourishing. com/demystifying-the-creative-process/ (accessed 28/04/2010) Gibbo ns,J. 2005 Art and Advertising. P. 1-12 New York I. B Tauris & co Ltd Goldman, A. 2005. Aesthetic Qualities and Aesthetic valuate . in Aesthetics critical concept in philosophy J. O Young, p. 345-349 Oxon Routledge. Hester, N 2007. Low and High What is Art Anyhowhttp//www.monstersandcritics.com/

Adverse Leadership Model

SOU 4 Adverse attractership Model Jeff Mais Texas A & M University Commerce Introduction During this semester we submit looked at several positive leading theories, from the most elementary to the more complex. leading takes on many different roles and responsibilities of two the leader and coadjutor. Some leaders have the inherent ability to lead their pursuit successfully, however others shtupnot. Destructive leadership (Padilla et al, 2007) is such a theory that has been introduced with ravage follower bulgecomes. This could be viewed in several ways a good leader with frightful followers or unfavorable leader with good followers.Bad or adverse leadership can affect the follower outcomes and ultimately create a terrible work environment for the followers. slimy leaders can have a negative impact on employees and might even damage the companys bottom line (Leviticus, 2010). In this paper we will save examine the adverse leadership model in skeleton 1 and explain th is model from the leader, follower, environment and outcomes. Adverse Leadership Model The Adverse Leadership Model (ALM) is a model that focuses primarily around bad leaders and subservient followers.Looking at Figure 1, we will start with explaining the various characteristics of the bad leader poor communicator, micromanager, sets unclear expectations, uses intimidation, and poor people skills. These 5 characteristics define the bad leader and help create the poor environmental conditions examined supercharge. * ugly Communication Poor leaders dont value communication with their employees. A poor leader might spend long periods of time away from his desk or character or might ignore staff emails and telephone messages.Listening to others is a low priority, and poor leaders disregard input from staff and might not face to care about staff opinions (Leviticus, 2010). * Micromanager Micromanagers are very involved in the smallest details of the followers jobs and/or projects. This type of leader behavior can make followers feel inadequate at their jobs and it typically collect to insecurities of the leader. * Sets Unclear Expectations Failing to set clear expectations by the leader can retard followers and hinder their ability to be successful.A leader who doesnt set clear expectations might not give all of the details relate to a project or suddenly move the due date creating a moving target for followers. * Uses Intimidation Leaders might intimidate or browbeat their followers. Workplace bullying has been an ongoing discussion within the realm of leadership. This type of behavior can decrease worker morale and ultimately could increase turnover. * Poor population Skills People skills are vital to becoming a great leader, however leaders can be negative people who dont know how to motivate others.In addition, leaders with poor people skills cannot con posturer any other opinions but their own. Looking at the characteristics described above, they are all unconnected to the transformational leadership theory putting value into the followers opinions and helping employees complete their tasks. Often times the followers have characteristics that enable the leader to remain in an adverse leadership role. However, these followers might not understand how to recognize a good leader from a bad leader. Some of the characteristics include abject self-esteem, Unambitious, modest maturity, little or no core set, and disengaged. base self-esteem helpers with low self-esteem might not have the skills necessary to watch a bullying leader or one that uses intimidation. * Unambitious These followers have little drive and consider their current situation to be the dress hat they will ever do. Having a follower that isnt ambitious would be easy for the transformational leader to motivate, due to their ability to engage them and make them part of something larger. * Low maturity Often times a follower with a bad leader can be young and immature, lacking both self-esteem and confidence.This makes it easier for the bad leader to intimidate and control the follower. * Little or no core values The follower must have some kind of core values in order to be a successful leader. If they do not, then the leader can often times take advantage of this and exploit the followers weakness in order to remain in control. * Disengaged The disengaged follower treats their current position as a job. They are also known as quantify punchers, only there to collect a paycheck and are not worried about the company in any way.Although these characteristics are not worthy in a traditional leadership example, they make it easier for the adverse leader to thrive creating a chaotic environment for the workplace. As we further examine figure 1, we can see a pose line between the leader and follower, but no line back from the follower to the leader. This is because in the adverse leadership model, the leader is primarily a dictator and doesnt allow for a healthy leader-member exchange. This could be due to insecurities by the leader and fear of being out performed.Moving outside of the leader and follower characteristics, we can examine the environment created by this type of leadership. High stress, alienation, and segregation are all felt by the follower due to the dyadic relationship between the leader and follower. High stress can lead to disruption of productivity amongst the team members and other health related issues. Creating a negative atmosphere can backfire because fear can cause stress, and in extreme situations, reductions in performance and efficiency (Riggio, 2009).Alienation and segregation by the leader can also create a feeling of betrayal within followers this can also allow the members to form sub-groups that become further alienated from the remaining followers. Segregation amongst other team members removes the cohesive bond that should be cultivated by the leader. Further studies by Liu et al. (2012), have revealed a direct correlation between bad leadership and follower creativity. The final portion of the adverse leadership model has to do with follower outcomes, depression and worthlessness.These outcomes are destructive to the companys success, due to health related issues from depression alone. Approximately 18. 8 million American adults, or about 9. 5 percent of the U. S. universe of discourse age 18 and older in a given year, have a depressive disorder (depressionperception. com). This doesnt include the other health related issues that could be a direct result of working in a stressful environment. In addition to being depressed, followers might feel worthless due to intimidating behavior by the leader. This could also come from bullying by other co-workers who choose to emulate the leaders social cues.In conclusion, bad leaders can only breed more bad leaders and the only way to stop it is to file complaints with HR or stand up to the bad leader, identi fying issues the followers would like to change to be productive and work in a stress free environment. References Leviticus, J. (2010), The top signs of poor leadership. Retrieved from http//smallbusiness. chron. com/top-signs-poor-leadership-31537. html Liu, D. , Liao, H. , and Loi, R. (2012). The dark side of leadership A three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity.Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), 1187-1212. Padilla, A. , Hogan, R. and Kaiser, R. B. 2007, The toxic triangle destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments, The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 176194. Riggio, R. (2009), How to soupcon a bad leader. Retrieved from http//www. psychologytoday. com/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/200905/how-spot-bad-leader Adverse Leadership Model Figure 1 Adverse Leadership Model Figure 1 Adverse Leadership Model Environment * High Stress * Alienation * Segregation Environment * High Stress * Alienation * Segregat ion Follower Outcomes . Depression 2. Worthlessness Follower Outcomes 3. Depression 4. Worthlessness Follower Characteristics 1. Low Self-Esteem 2. Unambitious 3. Low Maturity 4. Little or No Core Values 5. Disengaged Follower Characteristics 6. Low Self-Esteem 7. Unambitious 8. Low Maturity 9. Little or No Core Values 10. Disengaged Leader Characteristics 1. Poor Communicator 2. Micromanager 3. Sets Unclear Expectations 4. Uses Intimidation 5. Poor People Skills Leader Characteristics 6. Poor Communicator 7. Micromanager 8. Sets Unclear Expectations 9. Uses Intimidation 10. Poor People Skills

Ethics in Public Sector

This debate has given a better understanding of the responsibilities of the public sector, and how it should interact and port with (elected) governments, with citizens, civil society and foreign as well as domestic corporations and private business Institutions. Besides, righteouss and ethical principles can help people pack better decisions, and help people evaluate the decisions of others (Like public officials). Much of this debate has foc dod on earnest governance, broadly speaking.Ethics has also been a deviate of this debate, in particular the discussion on professional moral philosophy of civil servants, and withal lesser extent the professional and arsenal ethics of politicians and elected persona holders. Although the ethics of the civil service will be the main focus of this compendium, we ar also looking into the ethics of the political sphere. Ethics has long been a controversial area of study in the professions of law, politics, philosophy, theology and public administration, and other study areas.Some practitioners, however, will dismiss any study or theory of ethics as non pertinent to their work, preferring instead to rely on laws, personnel manuals and job descriptions to define the limits of public sector responsibilities. That view now seems to be losing stain to the viewpoint that public administrators are no longer, if they ever were, expert technicians simply Implementing the policy decisions of the policy makers. Rather, public administrators exercise substantial treat (decision-making power) on their own, discretion that affects peoples lives in direct, lasting, and sometimes profound ways.In addition, there can be reasons to question the legitimacy of the rules and the policy decisions that public administrators are Implementing. Administrators and bureaucrats cannot avoid asking decisions, and in doing so they should attempt to make ethical decisions. Administrators wee discretionary powers that go beyond the manuals, or ders, Job descriptions and legal framework of their position and duties, and professional ethics will have to come In as guldens, In Dalton to the formal regulations.Administrators should therefore seek a broad and solid understanding of ethical theories and traditions, and look for methods for thinking nigh the ethical dimensions of their decision-making Thus, for a period of time there was a realist school within political science that eschewed any moral component of decision-making as naive, as a religious imposition or as plain hypocritical. Likewise in economics, the standard view has been on kind-hearteds as a humanity economics, a rational man attempting to pursue his selfish Interests, with little regard for ethics.Many people still believe that ethics Is too weak and too nice to be of real importance in what is regarded as the tough, dirty and unprincipled world of politics. 1 OFF togged a proper understanding of what is qualifying on. Ethics is also sometimes seen as a ctive (telling other people what they should not do), impractical (because it is backed only by conscience), and more likely to watch the believing innocent rather than the deliberate offenders.Ethical issues in political science tend to be complex, ranging from micro-level personal issues to national, comparative and international relations. In politics, issues such as public vs.. Private interests, conflicts of interest, power abuse, and corruption have special salience. However, to prevent misconduct is as complex as the phenomenon of misconduct itself. This gateway will model three main topics.First, it will intimate the basis and basics of ethics, secondly it will outline the infrastructure of ethics (what shapes the ethics of individuals) and thirdly it will outline two particular themes the discussion on conflict of interests and corruption What is Ethics? Ethics refers to principles by which to evaluate behavior as right or wrong, good or bad. Ethics refers to well based standards of right and wrong, and prescribe what humans ought to do. Ethics are continuous efforts of striving to ensure that people, ND the institutions they shape, live up to the standards that are reasonable and solidly based.It is useful to divide between normative and descriptive ethics normative ethics describes the standards for the rightness and inappropriateness of acts, whereas It is useful to distinguish between normative and descriptive ethics normative ethics describes the standards for the rightness and wrongness of acts, whereas descriptive ethics is an empirical investigation of peoples moral beliefs. L This introduction is for the most part concerned with normative ethics. The law is one Asia promoter of ethic behavior.The law, however, only seta minimum standard for ethical conduct. Just because an act is legal, does not automatically mean it is ethical (think of the apartheid laws, for instance). Nor is an illegal act necessarily immoral (sometimes it can be Jus tified to break the law). Moral Philosophy Traditionally, moral philosophy (also known as normative ethics and moral theory) is the study of what makes actions right and wrong. These theories offer an overarching moral principle to which one could appeal in resolving tall(prenominal) moral sections.There are several strands of ethics, which differs on the basis (or rationale) for their various ethical considerations. The three best known normative theories are integrity ethics, consequentiality (in particular utilitarianism) and deontological ethics (and in particular Kantian). celibacy Ethics Virtue ethics focuses on the character of the agent rather than on the formal rules for or the consequences of actions. The key elements of faithfulness ethical thinking are The roots of the Western tradition lie in the work of Plato and Aristotle, but virtues re important also in traditions of Chinese moral philosophy.Virtue theory returned to prominence in Western philosophical thought i n the twentieth century, and is today one of the three dominant approaches to normative theories. Virtue ethics includes an account of the purpose of human life, or the meaning of life. To Plato and Aristotle, the purpose was to live in harmony with others, and the four Cardinal Virtues were defined as prudence, Justice, endurance and temperance. The Greek idea of the virtues was later incorporated into Christian moral theology. Proponents of virtue theory sometimes argue that a central feature of a virtue is that it is universally applicable.Consequentiality Consequentiality refers to those moral theories, which hold that the consequences off particular action form the basis for any valid moral Judgment about that action. Thus, from a consequentiality standpoint, a morally right action is one that produces a good outcome, or consequence. Utilitarianism is a specific strand of consequentiality ethics. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is totally determin ed by its contribution to overall utility, that is, its contribution to happiness or delectation as summed up among all persons.The more happiness or pleasure for the more people, the better. It is consequentiality because the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome, and that the ends Justify the means. Utilitarianism can also be characterized as a quantitative and reductionism approach to ethics. 2 Utility the good to be maximized has been defined by various thinkers as happiness or pleasure (versus sadness or pain). It has also been defined as the satisfaction of preferences. It may be described as a life stance with happiness or pleasure as ultimate importance.In general use of the term utilitarian often refers to a somewhat narrow economic or pragmatic viewpoint. However, philosophical utilitarianism is much broader than this for example, some approaches to utilitarianism also consider non-humans (animals and plants) in addition to people. Deontological Ethics D eontological ethics has also been called duty or obligation based ethics. Deontological believe that ethical rules bind you to your duty, and they look at the eighties or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions.Deontological ethics looks at our fidelity to principle and disregards the consequences of a particular act, when determining its moral worth. Kantian (or Kantian ethical theory) is deontological, revolving entirely around duty rather than emotional feelings or end goals. The core concept is duty, or what one ought to do in trustworthy situations. Kantian states that truly moral or ethical acts are not based on self-interest or the greatest utility, but on a sense of duty and or the individual and their usefulness for others).Kantian theories are based on the work of the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant (1724 1804), to whom the categorical imperative is a core element. Kant thought that human beings occu py a special place in the world, and that morality can be summed up in one, ultimate commandment of reason, or imperative, from which all duties and obligations derive. A categorical imperative denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that exerts its authority in all circumstances, both required and Justified as an end in itself.Kant argued against utilitarianism and other moral philosophy of his day, because for example an utilitarian would say that murder is K if it does maximize good for the greatest number of people and he who is preoccupied with maximizing the tyrannical outcome for himself would see murder as K, or irrelevant. Therefore, Kant argued, these moral systems cannot persuade moral action or be regarded as basis for moral Judgments because they are based on subjective considerations. A deontological moral system was his alternative, a system based on the demands of the categorical imperative.