Describe the ways in which swing music and popular culture Essay Example for Free

Describe the ways in which swing give away music and popular culture raiseThere were many ways in which swing music and popular culture were interrelated during the time know as the swing sequence. Jazz became the cornerstone of popular culture during the period known as the swing era. The swing era influenced clothing entitles, retail marketing, fashion, dance, and even language. Swing fans had their own clothing style and built a social phenomenon around it. With many dances coming and going the swing fans kept on dancing. Name some of the specific innovations Duke Ellington brought to jazz in the 1930s and 1940s. Duke Ellington brought some specific innovations to jazz in the 1930s and 1940s.Ellington was in time known as the greatest composer in jazz, he wrote roughly 2,000 compositions that had arrange from solo piano pieces, to works for orchestras, to highly symphonic concert music, etc. Ellington made a lot of changes to make the perfect sound, he used a variety o f mutes on brass instruments to achieve to a greater extent interesting tonal effects, often gave melodies to instruments that were not typically melodic instruments, and he used cross-sectional voicing. Ellington created an orchestra in the early 1940s which later became known as his Favorite Orchestra.Describe why debate Basies rung section is called the first modern rhythm method section. Count Basies rhythm section is called the first modern rhythm section. Basie made the rhythm section to breathe which helped compliment instead of duplicate, as nearly as having the drummer Jo Jones who played the high hat cymbal style. With this Basie had created the All-American Rhythm section which was known at the first modern rhythm section because Basie had created such an amazing rhythm section to go with the rest of his band it was solid.Describe some of the reasons why the swing era began and why it came to an end. There were many reasons why the swing era had begun and why it had c ome to an end. The beginning of the swing era started from a band called the Benny Goodman Orchestra. They traveled around on tour to get a discolouration and had been denied, until their last stop in Los Angeles, CA. The Palomar Ballroom wanted to hear the music that had been broadcasting and this began the swing era. The swing era decided to collapse with a surprise suddenness, with bands all over closing up their bags and shutting down.The swing era had suddenly ended from changing economics, the war, predictability, the changing audience, and bebop all of this had ended what was known as the swing era. Describe how the styles of Lester puppyish and Coleman Hawkins were different. The styles from Lester Young and Coleman Hawkins were very different throughout the swing era. Hawkins and Young were two of the best tenor sax players that had emerged during the swing era. Considerably different, Hawkins played a huge dark sound, whereas Youngs was light and breathy.Some of the dif ferences were as follows Hawkins improvisations were based on his superior knowledge of harmony, Youngs were rooted in the blues, Hawkins played with a rhythmic approach that was always closely tied to the beat, and Youngs rhythmic conception was some(prenominal) looser, and often untied to the beat. Although they had many differences, they inspired sax players for years to come. The arranging styles of Ellington and Basie are quite different when put next to each other to oppose and contrast.In the song Take the A Train by Duke Ellington the rhythm section of the band is very on point, and broad it is a stand out section and wants to make their point. They are very loud obnoxious and want to make you want to dance. For the One Oclock Jump by Count Basie the rhythm section is very low key and mellow, although very good and has a good beat, more of a song to have a mellow night to or to hangout and relax to. I prefer the song Take the A Train by Duke Ellington, because I like to d ance and it more fits my personality of a loud and obnoxious fun song.

Crash Human Nature Essay Example for Free

Crash Human Nature Essay* Human constitution is The general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioural traits of human raceitykind, regarded as shared by altogether humans. * Crash directed by Paul Haggis presents to us an intertwining story set within the streets of LA, confirming and challenging racial stereotypes and at the same time reflecting the ever so existing good and dark side of human personality.* Human reputation drives us all to view the other as bad, evil and untrustworthy, it is complex and each man, disrespect differences holds the underlying values buried deep into our subconsciousness * In the film disrupt, Haggis has successfully portrayed the truth about human nature through the conventions of dialogue, camera shot and symbolism, confusing us as viewers, but also giving us an intruging insight into the world of each and every one of us despite differences in race and background. * Haggis has successfully evoked feelings of uneasines s, confusion, anger and empathy at through the making of the film crash.* Human nature drives us to fear the unknown, the other in our eyes is seen as evil and that we should steer away from any communication. It may be in relation to race, ethnicity, age, gender or beliefs but in reality each one of us does not have the ability to fight this automatic discrimination against those who are different. * Haggis has successfully reflected this dark aspect of human nature through the convention of dialogue. * In one fit a Persian man is attempting to purchase a gun from a white Ameri suffer.The salesman calls the man osama and therefore continues to talk about 9/11, he indeed is aggressively told to leave the shop. * The white American man displays his fear of the other by racially crisp him through his dialogue, he has his own racist, stereotypical image of this man in his mind automatically relating him to 9/11 and callable to his human nature sees him as the other and as untrustw orthy to be in his shop telling him he has no right to buy a gun here * In another scene a Hispanic locksmith is changing a white American couples locks on their door after their car had been hijacked.The American woman makes assumptions that this locksmith is qualifying to sell their key to his homies purely because of the way he looks and his race and demands to get her locks changed again in the morning. * The American woman views the locksmith as the other and due to her human nature she fears him, and does not trust him to be in her house. Her judgement is not on personality or individual traits it is based upon the automatic assumptions she makes about him due to his tattoos, dress sense and skin colour.Little does she know that the Hispanic locksmith was in many eyes the only character in crash seen as all innocent, but due to her ignorance she believed the opposite. * Through dialogue Haggis has successfully positioned the viewer to feel anger at both of these scenarios an d causes us to incredulity our own human nature and our own classification of the other. We are positioned to feel guilt as we feel partly responsible for these racial stereotypes as we too, through our human nature, instinctively stick to our own.* Human nature is complex, values at polar opposites could exsist in the same man, particular beliefs could be compromised and in reality no one can ever truly understand the extent of complexities embedded within each person. * Racsim and nobility can exsist in the same man. Haggis has successfully portrayed this idea of human nature through the narrative conventions of camera shot and dialogue. * In one scene a cop pulls over a black couple, he abuses his source and shows extreme racism seen through the convention of low camera angle while he molests her.* In another scene the same cop shows nobility while is seen rescuing the same black woman he molested, he ironically says things to her such as im not going to hurt you * The camera angle in the premier(prenominal) scene is a panning low angle displaying the police officers hand stroking up the womans leg, emphasizing his sickening racist actions. In the second scene the camera angle is a close camera angle focusing on his remorseful worrying facial expression.The shot of the hand in the first scene could represent a mans hand where the shot of his face in the second scene presents him, and therefore suggests that although his racism and dark side of his human nature exsists the good side of his human nature is a representation of his true identity and we begin to question the reasons behind his actions. * These two scenes In the movie crash display to us that humans are extremely complex.A man can live a life full of sin but then commit a noble act just as a man can be a criminal but then extradite a life. * The concept of human complexities is hard to grasp, an individuals identity can determine why they act a trusted way or do certain things. The cop in the film displayed racism due to the fact that a black woman would not help his sick father, but does this excuse particular values and behaviours? * Through the convention of camera angle Haggis has effectively positioned the viewer to feel both disgust and awe at the same man.We begin to question what drives humans to be so complex and we wonder whether it is ever possible for a man to be seen as completely innocent. * Instinctively human natures drives us to protect and stick to our own, just as we repel those who are seen as different. * This universal value embedded inside each and every human is stand for by Paul Haggis in the film crash through utlising the narrative convention of symbolism. * Crash follows the story of a Hispanic locksmith and unconditional love of his.

RBG Colour Model Experiment

RBG Colour Model ExperimentIntroductionColor is a visual attribute of objects that results from the light they emit, transmit or reflect. 1 These colors give us the ability to appreciate things around us. With this, we can easily define or give meaning to the things we see almost every day. We can see these colors in paintings, surroundings, the food we eat, and almost everything, as almost everything has color. Electronic systems drill different color models to represent data visually. 2 One of these color models is RGB color model. A color in RGB color model is expressed by how more than of each red, verdancy, blue is included 2, hence the acronym RGB. In this experimentation, we lit the RGB LED with different colors in Arduino, with the use of RGB color model.Materials with DescriptionDFRduino Uno R3 (1)The arduino circuit board. pinny Cables M/M (4)Serves as the connector to different pins in the circuit.RGB LED (1)A diode that emits light and to be used as an output in the c ircuit. It provides different colors of light by setting its RGB (Red, Green, Blue) values. It consists of 3 anodes, one for each color in RGB, and one cathode.220 Resistor (3)An electric device that lead control the flow of current through the circuit.Procedure (self-explained)Connect the components to the breadboard base on the tables below.Resistor breadboardStartEndAD9G9BD7G7CD6G6Table 1 Resistor PositionsRGB LEDRedCathode(-)GreenBlueBreadboardI9I8I7I6Table 2 RGB Led Position sweater WiresBreadboardArduinoStartEnd1C6DP 102C7DP 113C9DP 94H8GNDTable 3 Jumper Wire PositionsAfter plotting the components to the breadboard. Connect the USB cable to the computer and the circuit.Compile and upload the code.Circuit DiagramCodeCode Analysis int redPin, greenPin, bluePin this code sets the pin progenys game of each color from RGB LED to their respective pin slot in the Arduino.void setup() a one-time initialization method. Set all redPin, greenPin, and bluePin as output by using pinMod e(pin, pinType) built-in take to the woods.void loop() a method that constantly iterates the statements inside the block. In this experiment, we created different colors, by generating random numbers from random(min, max) each color from red, green and blue.random(0, 255) a built-in function that generates random number from range 0 to 255.void colorRGB(int r, int g, int b) a user-defined method that accepts values of r, g, and b. This method is also responsible for charge the values/colors for the pins of the RGB LED by using analogWrite(pin, value). When these colors are combined together, the RGB LED leave create a different color ground on the values of the RGB written by analogWrite().constrain(value, min, max) a built-in function that checks whether value is in the range of min and max. If so, return the value. If value is greater than max, this function will return max. If value is less than min, this function will return min. This code is essential to check whether the v alue is less than 0 or greater than 255, as analogWrite can only accept values 0-255. Also, the color values for each color in RGB can only be 0 255. For typesetters case R = 255, G = 0, B = 255, this will create a violet color.delay(n) lets the circuit sleep or pause for n milliseconds.Comparison of Code vs. computer hardware OutputIt is noticeable that the code controls and manages how will the hardware provide an output. It is also important that the pins used in the hardware should be the same in the code. This experiment introduced a new kind of LED that can represent or display different colors. The RGB LED changes its color by using random number generation as part of the code, and setting those values to each color in RGB pins in the LED.Recommendation/EnhancementThe experiment can be integrate in disco bars, to produce different colors of lights. This can be also used for medical purposes for people who may suffer color blindness. For example, an RGB LED, will produce co lors, and the individual will describe the color he or she saw. A billboard composed of multiple RGB LEDs can be used to puzzle out like as pixels in a graphic image.1WordNet Search 3.1, Online. Available http//wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=colorsub=Search+WordNeto2=o0=1o8=1o1=1o7=o5=o9=o6=o3=o4=h=.2RGB Color Model Wikipedia, Online. Available https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model. Accessed 9 January 2017.

Importance Of Scale In Ecology Biology Essay

Importance Of Scale In Ecology Biology EssayThe concept of outperform in ecology is date stampn as increasingly heavy in our understanding of the functioning of ecological communities and the interaction of individual species with the environment. This has been recognised ball-shapedly by the awarding of the 2011 Crafoord estimate to Ilka Hanski for his work on the concept of meta communitys (www.crafoordprize.se).The vastness of scale in ecology was except seriously recognised in the late 80s and 90s by ecologists (Krebs 1985 Wiens 1989 Levin 1992 Bissonette 1997). Krebs (1985) stated the importance of scale in ecology is a focal issue for the 1980s as we attempt to gain a finer understanding of how ecological systems bring in the real world. This is further highlighted by the fact that Karieva and Anderson (cited in Wiens 1989 and Bissonette 1997) raiseed that about half of all studies conducted between January 1980 and January 1987 were done on plots a metre or less in d iameter.The two major types of scale argon spacial scale and blase scale. Spatial scale cig arette be considered in toll of grain size and extent. The grain size is the resolution of the sampling. It describes the size of an individual sample. A common example for grain size in ecology would be a quadrat. The extent describes the area (or volume) within which all the samples are latch onn. Temporal scale stick out be thought of as the frequency of sampling.The importance of scale when schoolinging migrations was shown by Hanski and his colleagues (Hanski 1999, Hanski et al. 1994). Previous work has suggested that thither are two types of butterfly populations open and closed. This is due to the mobility of distinct species of butterflies with some migrating long exceeds like the crowned head butterfly and others only a few kilometres. It was observed that the majority of species of butterflies in closed populations remained in their natal habitat patch. However, Hanski stat es that nobody had conducted extensive mark-recapture work at the alike time in many habitat patches (populations) to really establish the extent of migration. In other words he suggested that by looking at the metapopulation instead of population level, a better picture of the butterfly migration would be had (Hanski 1999). When this was done it was found that some populations were not as closed as they seemed (Hanski 1999, Hanski et al. 1994).Insect herbivores life- narrative strategies jibe to hoard (2002) there are six different types of life-history strategies found in insect herbivoresMethuselah. Growth and development is dependent on climatic conditions. The life cycle chamberpot last some(prenominal) eld. For example, the periodic cicadas have a 13 or 17-year life cycle (Williams and Simon 1995).Stop go. Growth and development is controlled by environmental cues. It starts and stops in synchrony with seasonal changes. This can be seen in the heather psyllid Strophingi a ericae (Miles et al. 1998).Grab it. there is close synchrony of life cycle with master of ceremonies shew phenology because the duration of the availability of the plant as a food resource is limited to an interval during the growing season. There is usually only a single generation per year. For example, in the spruce bud moth (Zieraphera canadensis) larvae surviviorship decreases significantly for those hatched 4-5 days after bud burst (Quiring, 1992).Keep trying. The host plant al depresseds for ceaseless development during a limited growing period. two or more insect generation whitethorn occur per season depending on temperature and host plant condition. For example, the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis can have up to five generations per season depenting on temperature (Rudinsky 1962).Hop about. The insect changes host plant depending on suitability. An example of this strategy can be seen in the moth Hyles lineata (Cates 1980).Never give up. In non-seasonal environments, continuous development occurs on a single host with several generations per year. In seasonal conditions, insects are adapted to survive unfavourable periods in any one of all stages. A seasonal synchronization mechanism may be included in the life cycle (e.g diapause and photoperiodic inhibition of development). An example of this strategy in seasonal conditions can be seen in the corn woodborer Pyrausta nubilalis (Babcock, cited in Masaki 1961) and in non-seasonal environments in the beetle Chelobasis perplexa (Strong and Wang 1977).When studying any aspects linked with step-up and development in insect herbivores, it is therefore Copernican to chicane what type of life-history strategy the study species displays when choosing the temporal scale of the study. A species with a never give up strategy can be sampled continuously throughout the year but this is not the best sampling process for a species with a methuselah strategy because growth and development is de pendent on climatic conditions and, to study its whole life cycle, sampling would have to take place over several years.Temporal and spatial knead on community ecologyKrebs (1985) recognised five traditional characteristics of communities that have been measured or studied species transformation, growth form (e.g. trees, shrubs, herbs, and mosses) and organise, dominance amongst species, relative abundance of species, and trophic building. Temporal changes to these characteristics are known as successions and lead to a stable climax community A climax is the final or stable community in a successional series. It is self-perpetuating and in correspondence with the physical and biotic environment (Krebs 1985). Krebs describes the floral development of abandoned farmland in Oklahoma as example of plant succession. stalling (1941) analysed the different plant stages and their duration in the succession. His findings are tabled below.Table 1. Plant succession stage and its duration. (After Krebs 1985)StageDuration of StageWeeds2 yearsAnnual Grass (Aristida oligantha)9-13 yearsBunch reveal (Andropogon scoparius)25+ yearsTall grass prairieClimax vegetationThe replacement of weeds by annual grass can be explained to be due to weed species producing chemical inhibitors that be activeed themselves but not the annual grass. A. oligantha can survive in a low nitrogen environment and nitrogen levels are low after crop abandonment. As the soil improves, the bunchgrass replaces the annual grass and in turn is replaced by the prairie grass.Temporal changes that occur in a stable community are known as cyclic changes. An example of this type of change can be seen in the population of lemmings in Greenland (Gilg et al. 2003). The collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) in Greenland is preyed upon by four species of predators the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), the stoat (Mustela ermine), the snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca), and the long tailed skua (Stercorarius longicaud us). Gilg et al. were able to show that there is a 4-year cycle in lemming and stoat numbers. They were also able to predict this 4-year periodicity in lemming dynamics by constructing a predator-prey model. This and the Gilg et al. observations of the 4-year cycle were graphed and can be seen in Fig. 1 below.Fig. 1. The top graph is a visual demonstration of the lemming (black squares) and the stoat (grey circles) 4-year cycle based on field observations. The bottom graph demonstrates the cycle predicted by a model. (Gilg et al. 2003)They also highlight that there is a similar cycle in the arctic fox in Greenland. Using data from trapping records, they show that arctic fox numbers between 1935 and 1960 peaked at intervals of 4, 5, 4, 4, and 4 years. Like the changes in stoat numbers, they suggest that this cycle is due to changes in lemming densities.Spatial becharm on community ecology is especially obvious when considering the theory of island biogeography put forward by MacArth ur and Wilson (1967). This theory states that on an island, the number of species is proportional to the size of the island and its distance from the source population (usually the mainland). This theory does not work solely on island populations. It has been adapted to work on fragmented forests, lakes and ponds, caves, and mountaintops (Harris 1984, Lassen 1975, Culver et al. 1973, Riebesell 1982).Communities can have different species regeneration depending on their latitude. Simpson (1964) recognised a north-south gradient in the abundance of mammals in North America. He identified a clear but irregular gradient with a minimum number of 13 species in a quadrat (240 km2) in one of the nothernmost areas (latitude 70) and a maximum number of 163 species in one of the southernmost areas (latitude 10). This gradient can be explained due to the warm temperatures found in the tropics which favour the diversification of the biota (Krebs 1985, Jacobsen et al. 1997). Krebs (1985) state s that the increase in species diversity towards the tropics could be due to an increase in spatial heterogeneity. This influence has been recognised in forest ecosystems by Burnett et al. (1996) and in bird species diversity by Roth (1976). Another factor to this gradient might be that towards the equator diversity in species is greater because the area is greater and species richness is scale dependent it increases with area (Willig et al. 2003).How communities are social organizationd/evolveA community is formed from processes which occur at very abundant spatial and temporal scales such as speciation, vicariance, and dispersal (Holt 1993). Two types of community structures are the physical structure and the biological structure (Krebs 1985). The physical structure refers to the structures within which species distribute themselves, for example, trees and shrubs. Krebs (1985) recognised three components to the physical structure of communities growth forms, perpendicular strat ification and seasonality which will be discussed in the next section. The growth form refers to the architecture of a plant in terms of its form, method of branching and arrangement of its shoot system, and underground system if possible (Gimingham 1951). They can be classified into six major growth formsTreesLianasShrubsEpiphytesHerbsThallophytesAll communities have a vertical structure. This stratification is associated with a decrease in light (Krebs 1985).Biological structure involves species composition and abundance, temporal changes in communities, and relationships between species in a community (Krebs 1985). Examples of temporal changes and relationships between species in communities were given in the previous section. All these characteristics of the community structure are interlinked. This is best shown in Fig. 2.Fig. 2. The relationships between factors that influence the structure of a community. (After Krebs 1985)The organic phylogeny of a community is not depend ant on individual biological components but of the pattern of interaction expressed in the community structure (Olson 1966). Although, it could be argued that changes in a species can change an interaction in the community structure (Brooks and McLennan 2002). Changes in one of the factors in Fig. 2. can contribute to the growing of a community. The evolution of a community can also be thought of in terms of succession as a community changes until it reaches a stable climax community. The extent to which a community can evolve is dependent on species density. A community which has a number of species that is below equilibrium numbers has a greater chance of evolving than a community in equilibrium (Brooks and McLennan 2002).Factors influencing the structure and longevity of communitiesSeasonality is a major component of the physical structure of communities. The structure of all communities is bear upon by seasons, and seasonal events are important to the functioning of communitie s (Krebs 1985, Wiens 1974). It can also be considered as affecting the biological structure since the physical structure of a community affects its biological structure (Krebs 1985, Wiens 1974). Wiens (1974) states that the highly seasonal distribution of precipitation and production found in grassland habitats can influence the species abundance or the size of the resident population. He also describes how climatic irregularities can limit the number of species in a community, especially in large unfragmented grasslands where there are few places for opportunistic species to reside. He argues that in grassland which covers a small area, populations of species can take refuge in a different habitat type until conditions are favourable for them. Also, natural hazards (e.g. fires and floods) and anthropogenic influences can affect community structure (Zimmerman 1992, Dale et al. 2001).The longevity of a community is dependent on its resiliency. resilience indicates how fast a communi ty can return to an equilibrium state after a hoo-ha (Pimm 1984). If a community is resilient it does not specify that it is unstable. In fact, Holling (1973) states that the spruce budworm forest community is highly unstable and because of this it is very resilient. Measurements of resilience are specific to a type of perturbation. A community can be resilient to one type of perturbation (e.g. low temperatures) but not at all resilient to another (e.g. increased nutrients) (Krebs 1985). Two factors that can affect the resilience of a community are patchiness and dispersal (Krebs 1985, Holling 1973). Some communities are resilient because they reside in a patchy environment. When a perturbation occurs in one patch, species can disperse to another patch until conditions are favourable again (Krebs 1985, Wiens 1974). Species composition and biodiversity can also affect resilience (Allison 2004, Griffiths et al. 2000). According to Pfisterer and Schmid (2002) greater number of specie s can express a greater range of responses to environmental perturbations.Differences in immigration/emigration between guilds, species, and kingdomsDifferent organisms have different success in migrating. For example, Walsh and Kay (1995) showed that when eucalyptus tree trees were introduced to New Zealand from the Australia, woodborers, sapsuckers and defoliators species immigrated to New Zealand to colonise the eucalyptus number of species being roughly equally distributed amongst the three guilds. At around the same time, pine trees from the North America were introduced to New Zealand. Half the sum of woodborer species that colinised the eucalyptus emigrated to colonise the pines while only a quarter of the numbers of sapsuckers that colinised the eucalyptus colonised the pines and no defoliators managed to establish in the pines. The succes of the insects, considered to be pests to trees, is due to the distance of their source population from New Zealand (Fig. 3). The insec t that colonised the eucalyptus trees came from Australia and had no chore in immigrating. However, the insect pests to the pines originate from North America and would have had to travel a long distance to reach introduced pines. The defoliators could not emmigrate and synchronise their life history with the introduced pines. The woodborers are well-adapted to travelling long distances because their life history is isolated from their environment. Sapsuckers are not as well adapted to travelling long distances but only one female need to arrive at the destination to colonise because of their parthenogenesis capability.Fig. 3. An adaptation of the MacArthur and Wilson (1967) model for the prediction of the number of pests that can colonise a host. (Walsh and Kay, 1995)Insects have more success in establishing themselves in a new environment if they migrate on an east-west axis as opposed to a north-south (Kay, 2005). This is because there is more of a chance of phenological synchro ny of pests and host in east-west dispersal because season reversal is encountered when travelling north-south.How does this assist our understanding of ecology on a topical anaesthetic anaesthetic and global scale?When choosing scale one must be aware of the characteristics of the processes that might influence your study (if they are not the subject of the study themselves) and the characteristic of organisms in the study. For example, if we are studying the latent threat of an invasive herbivore insect to a community, it is not enough to study the community structure to see if it can accommodate the insect but the distance of the source population must be known as well and also the life-history strategy of the insect. Although spatial and temporal scales are usually positively correlated to achieve high predictability in a study (Wiens, 1989) this is not the case when looking at the evolution of a community. When studying succesion, a later sequence can survive longer than the investigator (Connel and Slayter, 1977). This means that you could be looking at the succesion of a local community in a small area using years of data.Hanski (1999) makes an argument of not restricting to a local scale when studying a local population. By looking at a more global scale you can make an inference on a local population.It is important to note that even when a community is in a stable condition, temporal changes can still occur and lead to population dynamics. These cyclic changes could affect data and therefore the temporal scale of a study done on species in a stable climax community would have to take this into consideration. For example, if one were looking at the stoat population in Greenland between 1996 and 1999 (Fig. 1.) one would assume that there is a pattern with number of individuals gently rising, unaware of the cyclic changes in their population.Since when we look at evolution we look at changes against time it is safe to say that time is the main proces s influencing the evolution of a community. This is visually demonstrated in Fig. 2. where time is on top of the diagram showing the factors that influence community structure. However, there is a spatial influence on the evolution of a community as well. Spatial heterogeneity, as previously discussed, can dictate the species diversity. Also, the species density (amount of species per area) affects the ability of a community to change.The theory of island biogeography can be applied on a local and global scale. The Culver et al. (1973) study on cave-limited species in the Greenbrier valley in West Virginia can be considered to be done on a local scale compared to the MacArthur and Wilson (1967) study on amphibians and reptiles in the West Indies using data collected by Preston (1962).On a global scale, we see that species diversity increases on a gradient from one of the poles to the equator. This can be attributed to the change climate, spatial heterogeneity, or simply because of t he greater amount of space available towards the equator.Seasonality can have an ecological effect on global as well as local scale. On a local scale, it can effect species abundance and population density in a community. Seasonl irregularities can affect species diversities in spatially homogenous communities. On a global scale, seasonality can lead a community to be species specific. Some herbivorous insect cannot colonise certain areas because they are unable to synchonise their life cycle with the potential host plant phenology due to change in seasons.A communitys longevity is not dependent on how stable it is but on its resilience. A communitys resilience is influenced by how patchy is the environment it occupies. If its environment is heterogenous, species can disperse between habitat types to avoid perturbations. Biodiversity is also important for resilience and , as already mentioned, is affected by spatial and temporal forces.Success of migration in species is dependent on the scale of the migration. Walsh and Kay (1994) showed that woodborers, sapsuckers and defoliators had much more success in immigrating to New Zealand from Australia than from North America. There was also variation in successes to the emigration of the three guilds from North America due to the different influences that seasonality has on the guilds.In brief, the main conclusion of this review is that a study should not be restricted to one scale. When possible, different observations should be done on different scale. For example, when studying species diversity we know that it can be affected by spatial heterogeneity (local scale) and latitude (global scale). We have already established that different processes work on different scale but it is important to note that some processes work on multiple scales.

Risk Management techniques

happen Management techniques stake ManagementQuestionB) We will never know if we energise set wholly the dangers in a thrustGiven that the above statement is true explain to a member of the Board of Directors the value of using put on the line Management techniques for major(ip) puke. originEvery human endeavour involves venture the success or failure of any venture depends cruci eithery on how we deal with it 1. That means on that point is no perfect protrusion in the verbal expression industry in which all the assays can be identified and solved. Risk can neither be avoided nor be solved. It can only be mitigated and then either transfers or sh atomic number 18 to any other body which is a part of the project or just retain it. The success of a project depends on how well the project police squad analyse the run a seek. All the three parameters which coiffure the success of a construction project which are time, cost and quality are subjected to bump or uncert ainty. It is the ability of the project team right from the concept stage through with(predicate) out the implementation stage that how properly they are estimating the project by providing appropriate allowances for all those anticipated assays or uncertainties 2.This report includes a detailed analytic thinking of unhomogeneous gambleinesss that can occur in a construction project. It also includes how to discover, analyse and mitigate those chances by highlighting the value of different risk care techniques that are ingestiond now-a-days for major projects with the help of a case field of operations of 2012 capital of the United Kingdom exceptional and Paralympic games. This report also explains about the bodyatic approach (project instruction techniques demonstrable by the experts who are in the field of risk heed for many years) of handling the risks. Neglecting the risk without taking that into in its context can bid a potentially profitable project to a butt on making venture.1. Risk in projects- a theoretical approach After a legal brief introduction, the author feels thats its time to explain risk in a broader frame and the solicitude techniques to mitigate it. For that, all those wariness procedures claim to be explained more along with the techniques used and substantiate that by using more examples. Before going into details of management aspects of the risk, the author needs to give a general mind about the difference between risk and uncertainty, and the risk compartmentalisation in detail.1.1. Risk and uncertaintyAccording to Smith NJ, the terms risk and uncertainty, if used rigorously, have different meaning but in terms of construction projects the distinction drawn between uncertainty and risk is of little significance 2. He outlined risk and uncertainty as risk exists when a conclusiveness is expressed in terms of a range of possible endings and when kn experience probabilities can be attached to the outcomes age unc ertainty exists where there is more than one possible outcome of a course of follow up but the probability of severally outcome is non known 2. Uncertainty in other words can be defined as a situation in which there is no historic data or previous history relating to the situation 14. Perminova defines uncertainty, as a context for risks as events having a negatively charged impact on the projects outcomes, or opportunities, as events that have beneficial impact on project performance. This definition stresses dual nature of uncertainty in potentially having both positive and negative influence on the projects outcomes. 17 Risk involves both a threat and a challenge where an opportunity is a threat for those expects failures and a challenge to those predicts victory. It can be taken purely on the basis of probabilities or chances and at the same time, risk can be a well calculated one.1.2. Risk classification According to Robert Flanagan and George Norman, risks are generally o f different types that can be classify base on these criteria which are by identifying the type of risks, the consequences, and the impact of risk. Smith N J and Merna T suggested an alternate method of classification of risk which is Global classification and Elemental classification. The method, they suggested is to separate the more general risks which might influence a project but whitethorn be outside the control of the project parties from the risks associated with key project elements these are referred to as global and elemental risks.The classification based on type of risks is usually done by assuming that the total risk is made up of market risks (Speculative risk) and specific risks (Pure risk). The specific risk, sometimes called as static risk, which is having no potential gain typically a heightens from the possibility of accident or technical failure, while for speculative risk, there is a possibility of loss or gain which might be financial, technical, or physical . Moreover, a high societys systematic risk can be spit into twain components business and financial risk. Business risk is the result of a company trading with its as check offs, which is borne by the equity and debt holders and the financial risk arises directly out of the gearing abut brings risk only to the equity holders.14The risk classification based on the impact of it can be sub divided into the environment risk, market or industry risk, company risk and the project or individual risk. This classification has done by considering the area with which the impact of the risk is affecting. The general environmental can again be divided into two parts the physical and then the social, policy-making and economical risks. The physical environment includes the weather and the natural phenomena like earthquake, landslips etc. Normally the risks involved in this environment cannot be controlled. By using the modern technologies, these phenomena can be identified well in advance an d can take the measures to mitigate the cause of these phenomena. While in the other hand, the social, political and the economical environment risks are to some extent can be controlled. The government can control social, political and environment of a project to an extent 14. Market risk depends on a parcel of operators and it is very difficult to control it. Recession is a risk that al close all the companies are facing passim the world also comes under market risk. These types of risks are very difficult to predict too, so the wear method to tackle is to try to mitigate the consequence. Any company operates within an open market and the risk attached with the market can influence the company as well. So in a company itself, for different major projects, different management groups are assigned and thereby it can act as a separate group or consortium (joint venture with another company). By doing the there are chances for the risks with which the parent company is facing may not reach this group. unless the company risks and project risks are intrinsically linked because the company must ultimately bear the consequence of the risky project.2. Project risk management critical analytic thinkingProject risk management includes the processes concerned about conducting risk management programning, realization, summary (both qualitative and quantitative), responses, and observe and control on a project most of these processes are updated throughout the project3.2.1. Risk management planning plans how to approach the risk bound activities in the project and to tend the risk management practices into those activities. Before going into the planning for risk management, it is always better to study the project as much as possible. According to PMBOK (3rd edition), while planning an approach for managing risk, it is advisable to consider these factors as well such as, environmental factors, organisational process assets and project scope statement ( bear ing of the project). Risk management plan or method is the outcome or result of this planning, which is used for the identification of risk in the project 3.2.2. Risk Identification The best way to identify risk is a group session or a brainstorming session with all the management experts who are the part of the project. This is the best method of gaining team input and bringing expertise to the project 2 4. The risk management plan which is obtained as a result of the first step (Risk management planning) can be used here to identify risk. After identifying all the risk, a risk breakdown structure (RBS) can be made, which shows the risk groups, risk categories and risk events at the lowest level. Then all these identified risks can be converged under two chief(prenominal) categories, Internal and outside risks. Internal risks, which consists of risks from the side of owners, consultants, editors, subcontractors and suppliers while external risks are political, economical, social , cultural, natural and other risks such as delays in claiming insurance etc 5. Identification of the risk is considered as the first and the most significant phase of the risk management process. It brings considerable benefits in terms of project dread and provides an early indication of the need for risk management strategies. It is impossible to know how far the risks are identified but it is likely that there will be some risks which are unknown. The purpose of identification itself is to use the combinations of different methods to try to ensure that the follow of the unknown unknowns is as small as possible 15. The right time of doing this identification of risk process is in the appraisal phase, because then there are a large number of risks in the project, and the resources for avoiding or mitigating risks are very high and at that time, the project is highly flexible.Different methods of identification process are used by different organisations. Examining previous proj ects data with similar characteristics which has got similar type of risks can be used to ensure that corporate knowledge is utilized. This option of identification is having only limited scope, but this can at least used to make a checklist of risks which has got more probability to occur 2.Interviewing the project staff office from each discipline and the staff from within the organisation who have experience of similar projects, ensures the corporate knowledge and personnel experience are utilized in the process of identifying risks 2. The benefit of doing this technique is that, the organisation can utilise the experience that these experts got from the similar pervious projects.Once these risks are identified, detailed analysis can be done, either by qualitative analysis or by quantitative analysis or by both.2.3. Risk analysis The purpose of the risk identification is to quantify the effects on the project of the risks identified 15. The first and most eventful step in this phase is to decide which analytical technique to use. there are methods, at the simplest level in which each risk can be treated individually with no attempts made to quantify the risks or the probability of occurrence of this is not calculated. Much more detailed results can be achieved by adding various computation methodologies and by establishing the interdependency of the risks and then the calculation system will be more complex. The choice of technique will usually be based on the experience and expertise.2.3.1. Qualitative analysis Prioritising risk by analysing the probability of occurrence and impact in the project. For each risk that is identified, the team needs to assess its severity in order to decide what course of action to take 16. Expertise is required in this step, because all those analysis is done based on the knowledge from previous experiences. According to Smith N J, a typical qualitative risk assessment usually includes these issues a brief description of t he risk, the stages of the project when it may occur, the elements of the projects that could be affected, the factors that influence it to occur, the relationship with other risks, the likeliness of it occurring, how it could affect the project 2.According to PRAM, various techniques used for doing qualitative analysis are assumption analysis, by making a check lists and prompt lists, brainstorming, Delphi technique, use of probability- impact (P-I) table, interviews ands risk register 11. This method is basically experience based and the usage of any of the above mentioned techniques is compulsory, otherwise, the experience of the senior staffs cannot be utilised and thereby the project will be more vulnerable to risk.2.3.2 Quantitative analysis analyse numerically the effect of these risks in the overall project. This is the step in which the chances for demerit is maximum because in this step only, the calculations of the identified risks are done. So this step requires higher attention. Based on qualitative analysis, a relative important index number (RII) can be fall aparted and using that detailed categorisation can be done 5.The probability of a risk arising is a key factor in terminations on risk. Possible consequences of risk occurring are defined and quantified in terms of increased cost, increased time and narrowd quality and performance, which can be analysed by using any of the quantitative analysis techniques, says Smith N J 2.Various techniques used are Decision trees, influence diagrams, hazard analysis (Monte- Carlo simulation), Sensitivity analysis, Project evaluation and review techniques (PERT) and Control Interval and Memory (CIM) approach in which sensitivity analysis and probability analysis are the widely used techniques to do the quantitative analysis of risk in a project.Sensitivity Analysis This technique determines the risks which have the most potential impact on the project. It examines the extent to which the uncertainty of each project element affects the objective, when all other uncertain elements are held at their baseline values 3. The aim of doing sensitivity analysis is to identify those components of the projects whose uncertainty most influences the uncertainty of the projects outcome. Sensitivity analysis can be expressed by using different plotting methods like Tornado charts (a histogram method, which is effective for comparing relative importance of variables that have a high degree of uncertainty to those that are more stable.), Spider plots, and Risk-return graphs. This technique should performed on all the risks and uncertainties which may affect project in order to identify those which have a large impact on the economic return, cost, time and whatever are the objectives.Probability Analysis (Monte-Carlo simulation) Probability analysis overcomes many limitations of sensitivity analysis by specifying a probability distribution for each risk, and then considering the effects on the risks in combination. Random sampling is used where calculation of data inserted in an equation would be difficult or impossible 18 19. Monte-Carlo simulation by means of hit-or-miss numbers provides and extremely powerful yet conceptually straight forward method of incorporating probabilistic data. The basic steps are.* assess the range for the variables being considered, and determine the probability distribution most suited to that variable* select a value for each variable within is specified range this value should be randomly chosen and must take account of the probability distribution for the occurrence of the variable. This is usually achieved by generating the cumulative frequency curve for the variable and choosing a value from a random number* run a deterministic analysis using the combination of values selected for each one of the variables* repeat a number of times to obtain the probability distribution of the result. The number of iterations required depends on the n umber of variables and the degree of confidence required, but typically lies between one C and 1000 20.In normal risk management processes (RMP), one of the abovementioned analyses only is used. The effectiveness and efficiency of quantitative analysis is driven to an important extent by the quality of the qualitative analysis and the joint interpretation of both. 6 2.4. Risk response brings out the maximum possible outcomes from these risks bound activities to enhance opportunities and to reduce threats to the desired objective. With these outcomes, risks can be prioritised as high, medium and low risk according to the probability of occurrence and impact. Risk allocation strategies should be determined at the initial stages of the project by the client. The main characteristics of the available choices of risk allocation strategy can be grouped according to organisational structure or payment mechanism. The payment mechanism employed, price or cost- based, will determine the lo cation of these contingencies 2. The allocation of risk between parties to a contract should be identified prior to tender. The rise response, or its allocation, can take any of these four forms Risk retention, Risk transfer, Risk reduction and Risk avoidance.2.4.1 Risk retention According to Flanagan. R and Norman G, risks that produce individually small, repetitive losses are those most suited for retention. Not all risks can be transferred, but even if they are able of being transferred it may not prove to be economical to do so. The risk will then have to be retained. Besides, it is preferred to retain a portion of risk in certain circumstances 14. Applying the probabilistic approach to cost estimates gives a range of estimates rather than a single value. Thus a series of contingency sums can be given which provide for different probabilities of protection against risk and uncertainty 20.2.4.2 Risk transfer Transferring the risk does not reduce the criticality of the source of risk, but it removes it to another society. In some cases, transfer can significantly increase risk because the party, whom it is being transferred, may not be aware of the risk they are being asked to absorb. The essential characteristic of the risk transfer is that the consequences of the risks, if they occur, are shared with or totally carried by a party other than the client. The client should expect to pay a premium for this privilege. The responsibility for initiating this form of risk response therefore lies with the client, and he should ensure that it is in his own best interests to transfer the risk 18 20. As per PMBOK, contracts can be used to transfer liability for specified risks to another party 3.2.4.3 Risk reduction The most common and efficient way of reducing risk exposure is to share risks with other parties. Risk reduction fills in three categories Firstly, education and training to qui vive the staff to potential risks. Secondly, physical protection to reduce the likelihood of loss and finally systems are needed to ensure consistency. In contractual agreement, the use of management fee types of contract will remove the adverse attitude of contractors and should reduce the likelihood of claims from the contractor for direct loss and expense 20.2.4.4 Risk avoidance Risk avoidance involves changing the project management plan to eliminate the threat posed by an adverse risk, to isolate the project objectives from the risks impact, or to relax the objective that is in jeopardy, such as extending the schedule or reducing scope. Some risks that arise early in the project can be avoided by clarifying requirements, obtaining information, improving communication, or acquiring expertise.32.5. Risk monitoring and control tracking and monitoring the identified risks, identifying new risks, executing risk response plans, and evaluating their effectiveness throughout the project life cycle. The process of risk management can be grounded on a clear un derstanding about the nature and scope of decision making involvement in project management and a natural frame pee-pee for examining these decisions is the project life cycle. For successful implementation of the project, a regular monitoring procedure of risk is essentially required in all the segments of this framework like conceptualisation, planning, design, construction, termination and disposal of a project. Risk Monitoring and Control is the process of identifying, analysing, and planning for newly arising risks, keeping track of the identified risks and those on the watch list, reanalysing existing risks, monitoring trigger conditions for contingency plans, monitoring residual risks, and reviewing the execution of risk responses while evaluating their effectiveness. The Risk Monitoring and Control process applies techniques, such as variance and trend analysis, which require the use of performance data generated during project execution. Risk Monitoring and Control, as well as the other risk management processes, is an ongoing process for the life of the project 3These abovementioned processes can be effectively explained by using a case study. The case study explains the typical risks that a major construction project is always exposed to and through this case study the author wants to prove that even if the management team has done a detailed analysis of risks, they can never say that they have identified all the risks because still there are chances for some risks being go away out as unidentified.3. capital of the United Kingdom Olympics 2012 a case studyThe reason behind 2012 London Olympics to be taken as the case study is that, the author feels it is better to consider a live or recent project to discuss the risk management issues than an old project because in a live project only, there is a scope to find more risks which the management team left out without considering like the recession in this case, which is left unattended by the managem ent group is the biggest treat the project is facing.According to the report by restrainer and auditor General, National Audit Office (NAO), the management team of the London Olympics has considered six major issues as their major risks that need to be considered to the successful speech communication of the project. They are(1) Delivering the project at an immovable deadline(2) The need for stiff governance and delivery structures given the multiplicity of organisations and groups involved in the Games.(3) The requirement for the figure to be clearly determined and effectively managed.(4) Applying effective procurement practices.(5) Planning for a lasting legacy.(6) The installation of effective progress monitoring and risk management investments 7.Since this project is a major one and all these risks need disgusting attention, the management team planned various risk management techniques to tackle each risk individually to keep all of them under control at any time through out the project. The author finds it very essential to explain each of these abovementioned risks and the methods used to mitigate them in detail, to substantiate the value of risk management techniques to a member of the Board of Directors.3.1. Delivering the project at an immovable deadline The Olympic project consists of a lot of individual but interdependent projects. Effective project management works on the basis of the three parameters- Time, cost and quality and if there is any change that happens to any of these parameters can affect the other two7. So that implies delay in delivering any of the elements of the project puts pressure on cost and/or quality. Normally to release pressure from cost and quality that arises due to the delay in delivery of the project is to weaken the negotiating position. But in this project, these adjustments are not possible. Because any delay can affect the theme of the project. So to get rid of all these issues, they planned the project very well initially and kicked the construction off by starting the individual non-interdependent (self dependent) works at the same time and by achieving all the milestones in construction at regular, pre-assigned intervals. Then they arrange the meeting of the representatives of all the major stakeholders and make sure that all of them are satisfied with the work done to attain the milestone within the given time.3.2 The need for strong governance and delivery structures given the multiplicity of organisations and groups involved in the Games. According to the Comptroller and audit generals report, there are three major stakeholders to this project- The regimen (represented by some bodies), the mayor of London and British Olympic Association. In addition to this, some other bodies are involved in delivering or mount the games. The management group deals with the risk of the need for strong governance and delivery structures by maintaining a clear focus on the need for timely decision making individually and collectively on a programme where there are multiple stakeholders and interests. The international Olympic Committee requires the host cities to organise the games and the management department decided to set up an Olympic delivery authority (ODA) to deliver the venues and the infrastructure and then to stage the games. From the previous experience they had in the past, they set up another body called LOCOG (London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, which is responsible for operational and staging aspects of the game. The Olympic sales talk Authority prepares the site, builds new venues, delivers the Olympic village, infrastructure and bring projects. The only thing the management team needs to make sure is the combined effort of both the organisations in delivering the project. The technique of setting up two organisations by the management department was found successful so far, from the timely delivery of the milestones 7.3.3 The requirement for the budget to be clearly determined and effectively managed. atomic number 53 of the main risk which has got more probabilities to go wrong and which needs efficient management hands and effective techniques to deal with. So a very strong financial management set up is a prime requirement here. The need of maintaining comprehensive and accurate asset registers, which helps to transfer the asset later on at the end of the project and the need for strong contract management arrangements, with comprehensive contract records and payments made only in accordance with certified work carried out, is also of prime importance to keep in track with the income and expenditure of the project. Finally the actions required to manage this risks are setting up a budget for the project and making sure how it is funding, being sure about how the cash flow needs will be met, being clear about the cost associated with delivering the games and how to capture this amount on a consistent basis 7 8.3.4 Applying effective procurement practices. This is one of the main issues as far as a major project is taken into concern. The author feels so, because fixing a procurement route for such a large project is very difficult. To get a main contractor who is doing the major share of work for a big project is equally difficult. By considering these aspects, the management team started doing the procedures well in advance, so that they got nice time for doing their analysis works done for fixing the procurement route, to do the qualification processes for selecting the main contractor and to negotiate with the preferred team about the various aspects of the project. Along with this, the management team makes sure that the application of procurement practice was effective by being clear about the respective roles and responsibilities of the Olympic Delivery Authority and its Delivery Partner, and ensuring that the arrangement enables the Authority to contain its operating cos ts as planned. They gained confidence in the approach to procurement by awarding contract in an open and fair way and by applying best practice 7 8.3.5 Planning for a lasting legacy. Since the project is very big and requires a lot of money, the management needs to make sure that the assets that are constructing for the games should deliver the maximum service. Planning for a lasting legacy, they planned the entire development of the city of London by adding these assets to it for future purposes. So this can also be considered as one among those crucial risks. They mitigated this risk by developing robust plans for the Olympic venues with the clear focus on whole life costs, to avoid the risks of these facilities being under-used or unaffordable after the games 7.3.6 The installation of effective progress monitoring and risk management arrangements. A major issue for any construction project, no matter whether that is a small project or a large one, it affects very severe if there is no effective progress monitoring techniques and risk management arrangements. Especially for a high investment project like this, it is very important because of the interest of the public in the project. They managed this risk by providing a risk register for every stakeholder at different stages in developing their own risk strategies and registers to identify and manage the risks specific to delivering their responsibilities. At a particular programme level, the authority collates all of them and makes a database for registering risks and prepares action plans to mitigate them. Although they have done all these lengthier procedures to find out risks and to eliminate it, the project is still not completely out of risks. The main threat the project facing now is the risk developed due to global economic recession. The financial set up of the project might get affected because of this risk. Now their main objective is to save the project from this risk and they are currently work ing on the issue which is about how to reduce or mitigate this risk. Being government is the main stakeholder and the project is a prestigious one, they will somehow manage to finish this project within time, but the cost will still remain as unknown and that itself is the risk that the management team left out with identifying after doing this detailed analysis of risk. This is the reason why they say we will never know if we have identified all the risks in a project.4. Benefits of Project Risk Analysis and Management As per PRAM, benefits of using risk management can be classified into two Hard Benefits and Soft benefits. Hard benefits are relatively easy to express and with enough effort it would be possible to measure the amount of benefit. But soft benefits are much less easy to quantify but, can give rise to dramatic performance improvement. These two can be explained in detail asHard benefits Enables better informed and more believable plans, schedules and budgets. Increases the likelihood of a project adhering to its plans. Leads to the use of the most suitable type of contract. Allows a more meaningful assessment and justification of contingencies. Discourages the acceptance of financially unsound projects. Contributes to the build-up of statistical information to assist in better management of future projects. Risk analysis enables objective comparison of alternatives. Identifies and allocates responsibility to the best risk owner and soft benefits Improves corporate experience and general communication Leads to a common understanding and improved team spirit Assists in the distinction between good luck/good management and bad luck/bad management Helps develop the ability of staff to assess risks. Focuses attention on the real and most important issues. Facilitates greater risk taking, thus

What Are Poor Listening Skills :: essays research papers

Speech Communication Listening PaperWhat are Poor Listening Skills?As a freshman in college it is extremely overwhelming. You have to maintain good grades and a healthy social life- grade come first of course. However, it locoweed become tough to learn the material because many kids develop a decrease in attention span. Thats where comprehend skills have to be established. I find myself losing instruction in some of my classes. It was good to know that I wasnt the only one. One class in which I have observed poor listening skills is psychology. Ive noticed the same thing a couple of times actually. The class consists of about forty students, of which a little more than half see up. The ones who do show up walk in half awake. They all seem tired and they carry a big cup of coffee. You have the hardly a(prenominal) who pretend to care or at least make themselves care by sitting in the front row of class because they know they cant fall asleep there. And finally the ones who take the seats behind the tall kids and all the way in the back of the classroom. Well one day man practicing my daily routine of not paying attention I noticed various listening barriers. For one, I know that many students have no interest in psychology. Especially with the fact that right now were learning about the biology of psychology. Basically, it is pretty flat material that isnt something that business leader interest kids at 930 in the morning. Another barrier is the fact that the speaker is susceptible to criticism because of the way she delivers her lessons. She has a monotonous bill of voice that makes her seem jaded to teaching her class. We also lose interest of what she is saying because he follows the textbook practically verbatim. She doesnt add any ribaldry to the lesson. Another type of barrier is that some kids fake attention. They seem to be taking notes and Im pretty sure they actually think theyre paying attention and taking notes. But Ive noticed their paper s and see a collection of doodles. Basically they have adapted themselves to listening while they actually arent.This is the most common of the barriers that I have noticed. Many kids try to avoid losing focus by sitting at the front of the class.

The Potentials and Pitfalls of Interfaith Marriages :: Essays Papers

The Potentials and Pitfalls of Interfaith Marriages As more Americans enter the cultural melting pot and cross ethnic and social barriers, the judge of interfaith wedlocks has increased, not because persons are less committed to their faith traditions, but because there is a new reality in which old barriers are fracture down. In the western hemisphere the issue of interfaith marriage is widely debated among all phantasmal traditions. Many conservative denominations believe that, A believer uniteing or intending to marry an unbeliever is clearly going against the expressed commandment of God (J.J. Lim) . Other religious denominations view intermarriages as, The unity within diversity that adds a fetidness and beauty to marriage and to life (Rev. Tom Chulak) . Regardless of ones religious denomination, a persons religion comprises the framework of meaning and the source of his or her values. When dickens people marry they bring with them their strengths and weaknesses, hopes an d fears, and their religious dimension that plays a significant role in their relationship, decisions and responses to all(prenominal) other. For this reason, many issues and challenges arise within interfaith marriages that require accommodations by each person including how the couple will deal with their religious difference, what religion they will teach to their children, and how their respective religious communities will respond to interfaith marriages. No deuce couples manage the adjustments that need to be made within an interfaith marriage in the same way. This is because there is no standard or typical Christian, Hindu, Buddhist or Muslim. Their knowledge, commitment, practice and attachment to the respective religious traditions, and their knowledge of, attitude and affinity toward the religious tradition of their spouses are so different that no two couples have the same experience. There are a number of factors that influence the rate of persons marrying outside of th eir religion, which are pertinent to all denominations and religions. The number of eligible marriage partners who are of the same faith group is limited and therefore it is more likely for individuals to look outside of their faith group for a spouse. Increasing adjustment at colleges and universities puts more young people of different faiths away from home and into social contact. Movement from ethnic neighborhoods into the more heterogeneous suburbs lowers barriers to interfaith dating. As unconsecrated influences gain strength and church attendance rates fall, young people are being increasingly raised in homes that have little religious commitment, which has been shown to increase the rate of interfaith marriages.